Climate Changes Snowpack

Climate Changes Snowpack One of the Most Urgent Environmental Issues Environmentalists have been trying to draw public’s attention to the problems associated with the climate change for decades. Nonetheless, people used to turn their backs on this problem as they kept saying that scientists were exaggerating. Now lots of people can literally feel the changes which have been taking place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Changes: Snowpack specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More One of the most conspicuous illustrations of the climate change is the amount of snowpack in the world, and in every part of the globe. According to a variety of surveys and researches, snowpack is steadily declining due to a number of reasons. Importantly, even those, who claim that some estimates are erroneous and somewhat exaggerated, admit that the problem exists and it needs to be addressed. Thus, snowpack is steadily declining and this has a number of effe cts as it negatively affects such businesses as ski resorts and, what is more, it has a negative impact on farming as water supplies are decreasing. Declining Snowpack A hundred years ago, people could hardly predict that their descendants would lack for snow. In the twenty-first century, it is an alarming reality. For instance, the USA has been witnessing a dramatic change in snowpack throughout the last 50 years (see Fig. 1). Thus, Oerlemans claims that glaciers have retreated significantly since the beginning of the twentieth century (â€Å"Worldwide Glacier Retreat† n.p.). It is possible to take a closer look at a particular example. A glacier on Mt. Baker, which is in Washington D.C., can be such an example as the increase of temperatures of only 1 °C results â€Å"~2 km retreat of the glacier terminus† (â€Å"Worldwide Glacier Retreat† n.p.). Another estimate is also quite alarming. According to research conducted by an Oregon State University, the †Å"average snowpack in the Cascades has declined 50 percent since 1950 and will be cut in half again in 30 years† (â€Å"Has Pacific Northwest Snowpack Declined?† n.p.). Notably, the estimate has raised a lot of questions as it focused on a specific (and quite limited) territory and only a few variables were taken into account. However, researchers agree that the trend does exist and it is vital to start addressing the problem.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig. 1. N. American Summer Snowpack (1967-2011) Kunkel et al. also note that the extreme snowfalls have been changed as extreme low-percentile snowfalls become a norm for many US states (6215). The researchers note that the estimate is rather rough and the data obtained can be regarded as statistically insignificant (Kunkel et al. 6215). Nevertheless, the research reflects certain trends which e xist in the USA as well as in other parts of the globe. Therefore, it is important to start addressing the problems associated with the decrease of amount of snowpack. Possible Causes for the Snowpack Decline Admittedly, many people keep saying that global warming (or rather the level of carbon dioxide) is the major reason of the snowpack decline. However, the problem is more complex and there are many factors contributing to the decrease of snow. Of course, increased global temperature is one of the major reasons of the change in the amount of the snowpack. Clearly, temperatures have increased since the beginning of the twentieth century (see Fig. 2). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Climate Changes: Snowpack specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fig. 2. National (Contiguous U.S.) Temperature It is necessary to note that the increased level of carbon dioxide has a significant impact on the snowpack as the rise of temper atures leads to snow melting. The temperatures have increased considerably since the middle of the twentieth century and it is impossible to ignore the increase in carbon dioxide emissions (see Fig. 3). The correlation between the global warming and the level of carbon dioxide is obvious. Fig. 3. Global Average Temperature and Carbon Dioxide Levels It is necessary to note that the change had started long before the 1950s as such periods as the Industrial Revolution and especially the beginning of the twentieth century were characterized by the increased levels of carbon dioxide emissions. Though, it is also necessary to note that increase in CO2 emission has never stopped and started rocketing in the 1960s (see Fig. 4). Many argue that the increase of the level of carbon dioxide is not caused by human activities but is rather a consequence of certain global processes. However, many researchers claim that though the amount of carbon dioxide emission produced by people is not crucial , deforestation has contributed to the aggravation of the problem (Le Quere n.p.). Admittedly, there are some global processes that lead to carbon dioxide emissions, but forests are global tools to diminish the negative effects of this increase. People’s activities have led to considerable decrease of forests, which, in its turn, has contributed to the increase in the level of carbon dioxide on the global scale.Advertising Looking for essay on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fig. 4. Global Temperature and Carbon Dioxide It is also necessary to note that the decrease of snowpack is also caused by some natural processes. For instance, researchers note that in the Middle Ages there was the so-called â€Å"Medieval warm period† which was characterized by warm temperatures (â€Å"Worldwide Glacier Retreat† n.p.). Therefore, a variety of possible causes for the change should be taken into account. However, it is also clear that it is no time to hesitate as people are now experiencing negative effects of the decrease of the amount of snowpack. The Impact At present, people feel the lack of snow. Such businesses as tourism and business offering some leisure activities are vulnerable to the change of the snowpack (Callaghan et al. 38). Thus, people who run ski resorts have losses due to the lack of snow. Researchers and business people agree that it is crucial to be able to analyze the existing trends and try to foresee the amount of snowpack in f uture. Clearly, if there is no snow, people will not go to the ski resorts, which will lead to bankruptcy of many ski resorts. However, the lack of snow has even more serious implications as it can lead to shortage of drinking water. This is already a problem in the USA and many other countries; it can become a serious issue in all parts of the world. The lack of water will also negatively affect farming and people will be unable to produce enough food. Conclusion To sum up, it is necessary to note that the amount of snowpack has declined significantly since the beginning of the twentieth century, and this decrease can cause many serious issues in such sectors of economy as tourism, recreation business and farming. Researchers provide rather different estimates and make a variety of predictions. However, the researchers agree that it is time to start addressing the problem as it exists and can lead to really serious issues. People should understand that if snow vanishes, it will be the end of life on the planet. Callaghan, Terry V.; Johansson, Margareta; Brown, Ross D.; Groisman, Pavel Ya.; Labba, Niklas; Radionov, Vladimir; Bradley, Raymond S.; Blangy, Sylvie; et al. Multiple Effects of Changes in Arctic Snow Cover. AMBIO 40.1 (2011): 32-45. Print. Has Pacific Northwest Snowpack Declined? Yes. 2007. Web. Kunkel, Kenneth E., Michael A. Palecki, Leslie Ensor, David Easterling, Kenneth G. Hubbard, David Robinson, and Kelly Redmond. Trends in Twentieth-Century U.S. Extreme Snowfall Seasons. Journal of Climate 22.1 (2009): 6204-6216. Print. Le Quere, Corinne. How Much of the Recent CO2 Increase Is Due to Human Activities? Real Climate 2005. Web. Worldwide Glacier Retreat. 2005. Web.

The Pharmacistd and Workforce Planning Research Paper

The Pharmacistd and Workforce Planning - Research Paper Example The current statistics on pharmacy professionals in the use as per the AACP survey in fall 2014 stands at â€Å"6,334 full-time and  292 part-time pharmacy faculty members† (AACP, n.d.). According to the bureau of statistics, 2012 report showed pharmacists occupied 286,400 jobs in the US (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). In 2008, a report by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) Task Force showed a demand for pharmacy faculty members to increase by 20% in the next decade and in 2009, it was reported that the demand for clinical pharmaceuticals was highest (Knapp, Manolakis, Webster, & Olsen, 2011). It is estimated that despite the high enrollment rate of Pharm D the shortage in pharmacists will continue to exist for many years (Knapp, Manolakis, Webster, & Olsen, 2011). Some reports a future influx in pharmacists as opposed to their growth in demand, current statistics in enrollment also show a trend where supply will exceed demand (Smith, Wertheimer, & Fincham, 2013). According to AACP, the future of pharmacy is bright, with an estimated over 157,000 demand for pharmacists by 2020. Their role in the healthcare industry is steadily expanding, with their role termed as a vital part in the effective delivery of healthcare (AACP, n.d.). New technology is continuously developed to assists pharmacists in making their task simpler, for example medical barcodes. Their salaries has also been associated with a growing trend with their current median pay according to labor statistics bureau being $116,670 annually, with high expectations in an increase with time (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). According to the International Pharmaceutical Federation (2012), there is an increased demand for health services including pharmacy services. Various contemporary issue faces the professions, which include job retention, workforce development, and migration. To growth in the profession, needs assessment as well as current trends in healthcare will

Analyze the statements of each speaker. What does each statement imply Essay

Analyze the statements of each speaker. What does each statement imply regarding their views on the following legal philosophica - Essay Example George Wallace was the 45th Governor of Alabama and he was strongly in favor of segregation laws. He held opposite opinions from Luther King Jr. on human rights and believed that it was right for white and colored men to be treated differently. His opinion on civil movements was also not pleasing for civil rights activist. He called for an end to these movements. King’s views on Legal Philosophical Issues Natural law is the law that is based on human inclination or nature (Rothbard, M. 2011). Positive laws are manmade laws that are based on the fact that human beings are not inherently moral or rational so laws are required to govern them. Martin Luther King considered natural law to be more legitimate than positive laws. King considered the positive laws of segregation to be incoherent with natural law of freedom and justice. He said â€Å"We can never be satisfied as long as our children are stripped of their self-hood and robbed of their dignity by signs stating: ‘Fo r Whites Only.’† (Luther King Jr.). Segregation was supported by law and King argued against it because he thought it was against the natural laws of freedom. Luther King Jr. was of the opinion of St. Augustine that ‘unjust law is no law’ (MacDonald Jr. 2010). ... Law should be used to promote the common good as argued by King. He believed that it was our duty to follow the just laws. Just laws promote the common good among people by listening to the all groups of the society. He says in his speech â€Å"Now is the time to rise from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice† (Luther King Jr.). So he argues that laws should be changed. When he argues that laws should be changed he must believe that laws can be used to promote common good of the people. Martin Luther King Jr. believed in the non violent ways of protest. He was inspired by Gandhi and his philosophy of non violence. He believed that violence is not justified even if it is done to achieve a just claim. He said specifically â€Å"In the process of gaining our rightful place, we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds† (Luther King Jr.). This clearly explains his non violent ideas. He strongly believed that harm done to people even in the course of protest for a just cause is not justified. The legal philosophy of King was to achieve the aims through peaceful protests and not physical violence. King viewed the role of autonomy to be great in determining aims of law. Autonomy was promised by the ancestors of America but this was not given to the black Americans. In his opinion aims of law were to promote autonomy but later on the society developed its own biases and prejudices. State intervention is argued by Stuart Mill but only in cases where a person inflicts harm or danger to the society (Dogan, A. 2006). King sees paternalism as undesirable as it hinders in achieving the aim of law and that is to promote freedom. Morality plays a role in determining aims of law according to Luther King Jr. The aims

Influence of Optimist and Pessimist for Success Essay Example for Free

Influence of Optimist and Pessimist for Success Essay For example, an optimist will look at a sunset and think, â€Å"Look how beautiful nature is, thank god, life is a wonderful present,† where a pessimist will look at the same one and think, â€Å"The sunset means another day of life passed over and I have one day closer to death. † It is just like an optimist seeing a half-water filled bottle as half full when the pessimist sees half empty. Scientists believe that people with an optimistic attitude towards life can be more successful than pessimists. It is no doubt about that, but people need pessimistic thinking to triumph. Despite everyone knowing optimists are more likely successful, too much optimism or over confidence will lead to negative consequences, even disaster. For example, in ancient times there were three most undoubtedly powerful and prosperous dynasties: Ancient China, Ancient Babylon and Ancient Egypt. Once Ancient China ruled the world. Over a period of 5,000 years the Chinese people developed a unique, self-contained and self-centered society at the extreme eastern end of the Eurasian landmass. The Chinese complacently thought that they did not want what modern science offered—greater technology, power over the natural world, and an improved standard of living. Unlike Westerners, the over-optimistic Chinese felt no need to develop modern science to conquer the natural world. Eventually, as a consequence, Chinese people had been suffering from catastrophic warfare for more than hundreds of years, and there had been not less than one hundred million dead. The only reason why it happened was just because of an unintelligent decision that secluded China from the outside world made by an over-confident and over-optimistic empire. A perfect piece of art or invention, as I have observed, cannot be made simply by those are without pessimistic thinking or critical thinking. Steve Jobs (February 24, 1955-October 5, 2011) was a co-founder, chairman and CEO of Apple Inc. He had such an active professional life that it would not be easy to list all his incredible achievements in one article, but many people knew he had been a over-optimistic loser when the Apple III model came to the public. Jobs thought everything would be going well as he wanted, but truthfully it was not. The over optimism got him fired from the Apple company for eleven years before he finally returned to the Apple company that he established. After that, Jobs became a revolutionary inventor of the digital world. He made legends; he amazingly changed the world. What made Jobs success was that he turned from an optimist to a critical thinker during a low tide of his life. He no longer thought what he invented was perfection and began to criticize his work thousands of times before publishing. Having pessimistic think or called critical thinking makes it possible for people to be as successful as Jobs. However, the information above does not imply that it is wrong for us to be optimists. Optimists succeed more easily in all areas of life. Recent studies show that optimists excel in school, have a better love life, make more money, have better health and live longer. Optimists also do better in the face of stress. Even though optimists bite off more than they can chew, they still end up healthier and happier than pessimists. So the answer of which perspective is correct is neither. What is really important is not which way of thinking is correct but which is more beneficial. You can make a case for each side of the situation. Information about China history from I have learned in history class Information about Steve Jobs from Youtube Steve Jobs speeches The following list from http://www. centreforconfidence. co. uk/pp/overview. php? p=c2lkPTQmdGlkPTAmaWQ9NTY= The benefits of being optimistic include: * Better health * Longer life A happier life * Less stress and anxiety * Successful careers * Better educational qualifications * Better relationships * Better at problem-solving * More resilient in the face of adversity * Cope better with failure The costs of being pessimistic include: * Depression * Dying younger * Inertia in the face of adversity * Having a lower immune system * Suffering increased ill-health, both physical and mental * Not performing well at work * Failure when faced with crucial situa tions * Poorer relationships Even when things turn out badly, pessimists don’t feel good about making the * More fun and worthwhile. People’s Attitude towards Life Outline Thesis: It is no doubt that optimists are more likely to succeed, but success cannot be without pessimists. Opinion 1: the overoptimistic attitude will lead negative consequence. For example ancient China Opinion 2: the pessimistic thinking or called critical thinking can help you succeed. For example Steve Jobs Conclusion: we cannot totally deny the benefit brought by optimistic attitude.

Abolitionism and Inactivity in Uncle Toms Cabin Essay -- Uncle Toms

The debate raging in the years 1836-1837 over women's proper duties and roles in regards to abolitionism was publicly shaped primarily by two opposing forces: on the one hand, sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke, abolitionists and champions of women's rights; and on the other, Catharine Beecher, who opposed suffrage and women's involvement in abolitionism and argued in favor of woman's place in the home. After the printing of Angelina Grimkà ©'s pamphlet Appeal to the Christian Women of the Southern States (1836), Grimkà © and Catharine Beecher engaged in a written debate over woman's public role in regards to the slavery issue. Beecher responded to Grimkà ©'s assertions that Southern women should actively protest the system of slavery in her Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism (1837), in which she claimed that women, true to their naturally subordinate natures, were not fit to interfere in such matters. In light of these facts, it is surprising to note that Harriet Beecher Stowe was Catherine Beecher's sister. How could the author of Uncle Tom's Cabin be related to the same woman who wrote Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism-- an anti-abolitionist document which pleaded with women to keep their thoughts on slavery to themselves? In Uncle Tom's Cabin, Stowe not only frames both sides of the debate, but also actively incorporates it into her female characters and into her narrative voice, fictitiously dramatizing the issues with which Grimkà © and Beecher were concerned fifteen years earlier. Uncle Tom's Cabin, if racist by modern standards, is at least clearly anti-slavery: Stowe's intent in writing the novel, as she states in her Preface, is "to awaken sympathy and feeling for the African race, as they exist among us" (Stowe xviii). In her... ...atest need of positive and active role models. In only portraying Northern women who were ultimately able to act (and with Stowe's praise), she ends up perpetuating beliefs that Southern women were naturally unsuited to engage in the abolitionist cause. Works Cited Beecher, Catharine. "Essay on Slavery and Abolitionism." The Limits of Sisterhood: The Beecher Sisters on Women's Rights and Woman's Sphere. ed. Jeanne Boydston et. al. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina P, 1988. 125-129 Cain, William E., ed. Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Blithedale Romance. Boston: Bedford Books of St. Martin's P, 1996. Grimke, Angelina. "Appeal to the Christian Women of the South." The Public Years of Sarah and Angelina Grimkà ©: Selected Writings 1835- 1839. ed. Larry Ceplair. NY: Columbia U P, 1989. 36-89. Stowe, Harriet Beecher. Uncle Tom's Cabin. NY: Bantam Books, 1981.

Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising Essay

Advertising is part of our daily lives as advertisers use numerous ways to attract the customer’s attention. Advertising can be referred to as non-personal communication on a corporation or its products that are broadcasted to viewers through a mass medium. All efforts to inform and convince must respect the principles of human freedom for them to be right. Highest ethics should be practiced when advertising to children. Advertisers should shape their subject to attract audiences of the scope and demographic structure sought. Advertisers should practice transparency. There should be the need for proper conduct and rapport with consumers ought to be honest and fair. . All advertisements normally use rhetoric images as well as visual effects that make these products appealing to consumers. The question is, what is the purpose for the advertisements and what makes a consumer to see the images and want to try the alcoholic product. Advertisements are normally done on TV, magazines and the radios hence are accessible to the target market in this case of whiskey advertisement the young adults.  The advertisement industry has grown rapidly in the past years as effective advertisements has led to increase in sales for companies, hence the need for companies to study all means that an advertisement can attract the attention of the potential buyer of any product. One of the most common ways of advertising in alcohol products but controversial is the use of sex to sell alcoholic products (Carstarphen et al, 114). To analyze  the advertisement of Evan Williams’ whiskey, a rhetorical triangle is used. Also included are ethos, pathos as well as logos. The target audience for this advertisement was young males and females in their late teens, mid and late twenties. The advertiser uses pathos in the advertisement by evoking emotional feelings especially from the men.To get the male side of the equation, the advertiser draws attention as well as interest, by the use of a striking, attractive young lady on the right side of the advertisement, in bright colors to draw attention to a bottle of whiskey that is right in the center of the page. The thing that makes the attention of people to stick is that the attractive young lady is in fact posing next to nothing despite being incredibly good looking. There is also a way to get female attention to the advertisement. This is done through showing a plain girl, seeming a typical girl during the younger years. Besides that, there is an image of the same little girl but now she has become a woman, very attractive, more powerful, and full of confidence and self-esteem. Then the only way to achieve that is by drinking Evan Williams Kentucky straight bourbon whiskey. (Williams) The purpose of the advertisement is to attract the young adults to consume the advertised whiskey. The first very important information that is sent across to all potential buyers is that the whiskey has been brewed for seven years before being brought to the market. With a longer period of brewing, it means that the whiskey is matured and of quality hence being attractive to potential buyers. The use of this point illustrates the advertiser’s use of logos in the advertisement as they expect the consumer to be rational in their analysis of the advertisement such that they can tell the time period the whiskey took to mature. The advertiser uses sexual stereotypes that include a blonde hair, with blue eyes as well as breasts that are large in size. The whole thing leads to the impression that sex sells (Carstarphen et al, 114). This is the advertiser appealing to the ethos. Also cannot see the trustworthiness of this advert writer and most likely there is a snobby attitude as it seems that the only way that people care about others is if they are good looking and  the less attractive are viewed unequal. This fails to comply with the ethos such that it is not ethically right. It is also difficult for the woman who is less attractive on the right side of the advertisement to  achieve similar opportunities  than the one  who appears sexually enticing to the audience.  I believe that the advertisement is showing poor ethics hence failing to comply with the industry ethos. Logically the advertisement is essentially sexual. There is the use of a scantily clad lady, who looks so attractive in bright colors, standing just next to a bottle of whiskey. The  advertiser also tries to use a slogan that will go with the product as well as its application in a completely different situation including a woman. They also show how better it gets when aged seven years. It is degrading to the woman  who appears in the advertisement since it shows  her being  ugly in the first image, and then again  in  another shot, she appears years  later  with less clothing and  make up  done,  suggesting that  she now looks better.  The problem with it is that only few women look like that hence setting the bar too high to reach for ordinary people. I would also mention that there is nothing wrong with girl on the left as she is plain and simple.  The collective responsibility of the society is drained away through wearing close to nothing in order to catch attention as well as impress.  The photo on the left looks worse because they have not done the hair. The lady also wears a shirt that’s wrinkled, simple earnings as well as a simplistic vest. The advertiser  tries to get sexual emotions in most of their alcohol advertisements. Here they have used an attractive woman standing close to a bottle of whiskey. t. The advertisement is able to connect emotionally with the consumers who eventually buy the products. The campaign makes it more differentiated in product in comparison to its competitors. The effectiveness of the advertising campaign can be seen in the responsiveness of the consumers such that they are able to consume more of the products hence an increase in the products sales revenue. This thus highlights the effectiveness of the advertisement. The target audience of this campaign is the general public more specifically, home. The effectiveness in the delivery of the advertisement is quite successful. To me, the delivery of the advertisement is easy to relate to and because of that. I could be easily convinced do consume the product. The effective delivery of the advertisement makes its more appealing to the target audience hence helps in the achievement of their desired marketing goals.There is the impression that drinking this product will make the person to get this particular woman. There is the attraction on the female emotional side whereby there is the talk of how a young decent looking woman goes on to become attractive, the impression created here being that this product makes women become very attractive. This is appealing to consumer ethos. In the advert, the younger girl who looks less attractive  seems to be less confident  but in the older picture she looks more attractive. In the newer picture, she looks more vibrant and her clothing is more sexually proactive than in her older self, where she used to cover up and dint show any skin. Therefore the advert shows that a person becomes happier if they are good looking and sexually dressed unlike when they are not good looking persons Conclusion             In conclusion, I think the use of sexual appeal is a terrible way of advertising. The problem is that all companies have adopted this way of advertising and this has led to consumption of alcohol even for the under aged. I have also noticed that the different angles of this advertisement are similar as sex is used to sell everything. The society also seems to have adapted to this type of advertisement and therefore no changes will occur any time soon hence sexually racy ads will continue to be seen in the magazines (Sell now, 89). Hopefully companies will one day do away with these types of ads and make ads that are suitable to our culture. References Carstarphen, Meta G, and Susan C. Zavoina. Sexual Rhetoric: Media Perspectives on Sexuality, Gender, and Identity. Westport, Conn: Grenwood Press, 1999. Print. Messaris, Paul. Visual Persuasion: The Role of Images in Advertising. London: Sage Publications, 2002. Print. Sellnow, Deanna D. The Rhetorical Power of Popular Culture: Considering Mediated Texts. Los Angeles: SAGE, 2010. Print. Williams, Evan. ThinkUP Cube. 2012. Web. http://www.thinkupcube.com/portfolios/evan-williams/ BIBLIOGRAPHY l 1033 n.d. Evan William Whiskey Advertisement. . Source document

Dante’s Devine Comedy Inferno Canto XXVI Essay - 2037 Words

Of the Medieval Texts, Dante’s Inferno, gives readers insight into a poetically described version of Hell that is full of punishment and evil. Dante travels through purgatory speaking with various shades as well as converses with his guide to gain insight on the follies of man. Each Canto describes certain characters and their reasons for being stuck in Hell. Through analysis of the text as well as support from literature written by Sara Sturm, R Bates, and lastly EM Hood, Canto XXVI not only provides insight on Dante’s political beliefs, but also describes the eventual demise of false counselors, as well as those whom are not grateful for their God-Given gifts. First, Dante Alighieri utilizes Canto XXVI to further describe his†¦show more content†¦Sturm adds a more personal note and claims that â€Å"the poet acknowledges the city’s wickedness, in terms of which the retribution which he predicts for the city is seen as both inevitable and just, but his personal love for the city of Florence will nonetheless cause him pain when that judgment is carried out† (Sturm 94-95). What started as a few loosely tied together city states eventually became one of the three largest cities in Italy. This was all happening during Dante’s life, and he cautions that with the fast growth of Florence, several social conflicts such as the gap between rich and poor are widening. Most regarded Florence as the center of the world, however the transition between city state and economically independent city, brought about many gray areas and dirty deeds. To conclude, Dante writes, â€Å"But if the dreams dreamt close to dawn are true, then little time will pass before you feel what Prato and the others crave for you, were that already come, it would not be too soon – and let it come, since it must be† (Inf. XXVI 7-11). Dante is advising the people to watch out. Florence has a high chance of becoming the next Sodom and Gomorrah. From a different political perspective, it is possible that Dante is attacking an important member of the Black Guelph’s, Pope Boniface the VIII, the man who eventually contributes to Dante’s exile. The pope is working to gain control of the city as during the medieval era, the transition